|
''Gemeinschaft'' ((:ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft)) and ''Gesellschaft'' ((:ɡəˈzɛlʃaft)) (generally translated as "community and society") are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social ties into two dichotomous sociological types which define each other. ==''Gemeinschaft'' – ''Gesellschaft'' dichotomy== The ''Gemeinschaft–Gesellschaft'' dichotomy was proposed by Tönnies as a purely conceptual tool rather than as an ideal type in the way it was used by Max Weber to accentuate the key elements of a historic/social change. According to the dichotomy, social ties can be categorized, on one hand, as belonging to personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions (''Gemeinschaft'', German, commonly translated as "community"), or on the other hand as belonging to indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions (''Gesellschaft'', German, commonly translated as "society").〔Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as ''Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)'', New York: American Book Co.; in 1955 as ''Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft''()'')'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in ''Handwörterbuch der Soziologie'' (Stuttgart, Enke V.).〕 Tönnies was a Hobbes scholarhe edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's ''The Elements of Law'' and ''Behemoth''and it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union". The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success〔Published with a more abstract subtitle ''Basic Terms of Pure Sociology'' (In German: "Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie").〕 after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture".〔In German: ''Abhandlung des Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen''〕 Seven more German editions followed, the last in 1935,〔 The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.〕 and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of corporatist thinking, including the rise of neo-medievalism, the rise of support for guild socialism, and caused major changes in the field of sociology.〔Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert. ''Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America''. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221.〕 The concepts ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'' were also used by Max Weber in ''Economy and Society'', which was first published in 1921. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies,〔Weber 1968:4, and 40-43)〕 and argued that ''Gemeinschaft'' is rooted in a "subjective feeling" that may be "affectual or traditional". ''Gesellschaft''-based relationships, according to Weber, are rooted in "rational agreement by mutual consent", the best example of which is a commercial contract. To emphasize the fluidity and amorphousness of the relationship between ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'', Weber modified the terms in German to ''Vergemeinschaftung'', and ''Vergesellschaftung'', which are the gerund forms of the German words.〔For more discussion see Waters and Waters 2015:3-6, in Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan〕 Weber's distinction between ''Gemeinschaft'' and ''Gesellschaft'' is highlighted in the essay "Classes, Stände, Parties",〔Weber 2015:37-58 in Weber's ''Rationalism and Modern Society'', Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters eds. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan〕 which is the basis for Weber's three-component theory of stratification. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|